In packet radio, we connect our computers together over the air to transmit data wirelessly. As it's not as polished as Wifi (but much more fun), there are a few things you'll need to be familiar with before you can get stuck in to the network.
You'll need a Radio and a computer with a cable to connect them together. Sometimes these are easy to buy online, and the more adventurous can make them. If you've done [FT-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FT8) or another data mode, you might already have this cable.
You'll need a modem of some variety. For more advanced users this of often a piece of hardware such as a [NinoTNC](modems/ninotnc.md), but as a beginner you're likely better served with a piece of software such as [QtSoundModem](modems/qtsm.md). As the software costs nothing and takes no time to be delivered, it's quicker to get started with! No lunch is free, however, so this simpler starting point brings with it more configuration complexity!
You'll need a client of some form to be able to connect to the network. I would recommend [QtTermTCP](clients/qtttcp.md) to start with. Again, it's free and it works with QtSoundModem, a NinoTNC and other hardware & software offerings too.
Every station on the network has an address. The Government issued yours when you passed your ham exam (or if you've not sat it, they will do once you pass!) - it's simply your callsign. My station, as an example, is MM0RFN on the air.
Sometimes, when we want to offer a service from our computer, such as a messageboard or chatroom, we will add a number afterwards. We call this an SSID, a Service Set IDentifier. Due to the limitations of AX.25, we can have from number 1 to 15.
If you want to connect to my messageboard, you can tell your client to connect straight to MM0RFN-1, or if you want to connect to my chatroom it might be MM0RFN-4.
SSIDs are not necessary - some stations have a frontend that will let you choose what service you want to use when you connect.
You can see a good table of Protocols, Speeds and Modulations at [NinoTNC](modems/ninotnc.md#mode-switch) once you've digested the below and feel brave!
We use two main protocols: AX.25 (legacy) and IL2P (modern).
##### AX.25
AX.25 is an umbrella term often used for all packet radio, but really it refers to the specification written between the 70s and 90s that defines the basics of packet.
It has a long legacy and is rather simple, but is reliable, embedded in a lot of old hardware and will likely be in use until the heat death of the universe.
IL2P, the 'Improved Layer 2 Protocol' is by Nino KK4HEJ and is an evolution of AX.25. It includes nice things such as error correction of data and allows for, theoretically, more reliable communications but isn't compatible with AX.25 on the air.
We often use '1200', '1200bd' or similar as shorthand for how fast our data is sending and received. The 'bd' is baud, or the number of 'symbols' transmitted a second. For most of our communications, 1 baud is equivalent to 1 bit per second, however more exotic modulation can transmit more than one symbol at a time, buying us more speed!
Nothing comes for free, and speed is normally proportional to your channel bandwidth. 300bd fits into quite a narrow space, 5-600Hz, which is why we use it on HF. 1200bd and other medium speed up to and including 4800bd are used in 12.5kHz FM channels, so appear on VHF and UHF. 9600bd and faster need 25kHz FM and higher channels.
Audio Frequency Shift Keying - Multiple audible tones. This is commonly found on VHF, FM 1200bd links. Classic bleeps and bloops that have been heard on our frequencies for decades. Tune to 144.800MHz to get a flavour from the APRS network.
Frequency Shift Keying - Multiple tones, not necessarily audible. Commonly found on UHF, FM 9600bd links. This sounds quite like white noise and can be difficult to differentiate from unsquelched audio.
A key component of the systems I'll be discussing in this guide is Linux. If you don't have a great understanding of Linux or it's a bit scary, I've written a primer [here](linux.md).
There's a lot to take in, and it can seem overwhelming at first, but feel free to read, ask for help and keep in mind that it's easy to feel lost when you approach anything new - there are just so many things to grasp.
A simple starting point is a [Raspberry Pi](https://raspberrypi.org) - it will be a dedicated computer for just packet exploration, and if everything is broken you can easily start again without losing any important data - you just rewrite the SD card and start again.
Find out your local packet radio frequency first, and tune your radio to see if you can hear any activity. This will be a good indicator as to whether you need to think about HF instead of VHF/UHF.
If you're in the UK, this will be listed at [ukpacketradio.network](https://nodes.ukpacketradio.network/packet-network-map.html) or [UKRepeater](https://ukrepeater.net/packetlist.html).
Ensure 'Enable Kiss Interface' is selected, put your callsign in MYCALL and put select your modem from the 'Serial TNC' dropdown. If using a NinoTNC, the speed will be 57600.
At this stage, I recommend Monitoring the frequency to see if you can decode any information. Local stations will likely be beaconing and this is a good way to test you have set up correctly without interfering with other users transmissions.
Press Connect, then 'Kiss Connect' in the dropdown menu. You'll see something asking to the below - selection session, enter the callsign & SSID you are trying to connect to, for example GB7HIB-7 if you're connecting to my node. Ignore digipeters for the moment - they can be a future challenge.
You should be presented with some choices in the bottom pane - BBS, Links, Info etc. If not, type `?` in the bottom text box, hit enter and see what the remote system returns with.
Don't worry - there is always something you've forgotten to do, or think you've looked at and haven't. We all have that feeling. Sometimes I keep a note of what I've done and what I've looked at to avoid replication of work, or so I can note what I *have* changed and what I might need to replicate.
It is easy to feel overwhelmed and alone as you struggle through debugging your system. Feel free to ask the community for help! No question is stupid, and we all started knowing nothing about this. Everyone is excited to have new stations and nodes to connect to, so will be thrilled to offer some form of pointer, assistance, input or advice.
!!! note
Please note, advice is a form of nostalgia: dispensing it is a way of fishing the past from the disposal, wiping it off, painting over the ugly parts and recycling it for more than it's worth.
